Challenges and Strategies for Controlling Indonesia's Emerging and Re-Emerging Infection Diseases (EID-REIDs)
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the occurrences of several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, particularly 13 types under surveillance of Indonesia’s emerging contagious disease task force. These diseases are considered potentially epidemic, due to the nature of tropical climate and high humidity of Indonesia’s area. Several factors contribute to the emergence of these diseases: in conjunction with human behavior. Most of these diseases are zoonotic, specifically spread by viruses. The latest emerging infectious disease in Indonesia is monkeypox. Controlling the management of EID-REIDs presents a major obstacle for international health initiatives, particularly in Indonesia because of its extensive population, varied geographical landscape, and constrained resources. Overcoming these obstacles demands tactics like prioritizing Indonesian policies, bolstering disease monitoring systems, upgrading diagnostic capacities, fortifying public health facilities, fostering community involvement and education, and executing efficient prevention and management protocols. These strategies should be implemented in collaboration with international partners and organizations to effectively control and prevent the spread of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in Indonesia.
Keywords
References
De Jong W, Rusli M, Bhoelan S, et al. Endemic and emerging acute virus infections in Indonesia: an overview of the past decade and implications for the future. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2018;44(4):487-503. doi:10.1080/1040841X.2018.1438986
World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO. Published online 2023. http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en.
Kementerian Kesehatan. Permenkes Nomor 59 Tahun 2016 tentang Pembebasan Biaya Pasien Penyakit Infeksi Emerging Tertentu. Published online 2016.
Quaglio G, Demotes-Mainard J, Loddenkemper R. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: a continuous challenge for Europe. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6): 1312-4. doi:10.1183/09031936.00111712
Chala B, Hamde F. Emerging and re-emerging vector-borne infectious diseases and the challenges for control: A review. Front Public Health. 2021;9:715759. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.715759
Wang WH, Thitithanyanont A, Urbina AN, Wang SF. Emerging and re-emerging diseases. Pathogens. 2021;10(7):827. doi:10.3390/pathogens10070827
Kementerian Kesehatan. Perkembangan situasi penyakit infeksi emerging Minggu epidemiologi ke-41 tahun 2023. Tim Kerja Penyakit Infeksi Emerging – Ditjen P2P. Published online 2023.
World Health Organization. 2022-23 Mpox (Monkeypox) Outbreak: Global Trends. Published online 2023. https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global.
Kementerian Kesehatan. Update Laporan Harian Kasus Mpox per 23 Oktober 2023 Pukul 20.30 WIB. Published online 2023.
World Health Organization. Kasus Konfirmasi Global COVID-19. Published online 2023. https://covid19.who.int.
Kementerian Kesehatan. Tim Kerja Penyakit Infeksi Emerging. (2023, September 13). Jumlah Kasus COVID-19. Published online 2023. https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/dashboard/covid-19.
Triyono EA, Wahyuhadi J, Waloejo CS, et al. Clinical characteristics of 6102 asymptomatic and mild cases for patients with COVID-19 in Indonesia. Pathophysiology. 2023;30(3):366-76. doi:10.3390/pathophysiology30030028
Asmarawati TP, Rosyid AN, Suryantoro SD, et al. The clinical impact of bacterial co-infection among moderate, severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients in the second referral hospital in Surabaya. F1000 Research. 2021;10:113. doi:10.12688/f1000research.31645.2
Centre of Health Protection, Department of Health, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Avian Influenza Report. Published online 2023. https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/resources/29/332.html
World Health Organization. Nipah Virus Infection - India. Published online 2023. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON490
Global Polio Eradication Initiative, World Health Organization. Polio this week. Published online 2023. https://polioeradication.org/this-week/.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, Weekly Tables of Infectious Disease Data. Published online 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/nndss/data-statistics/index.html.
World Health Organization MR. MERS situation update, September 2023. Published online 2023. https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/mers-cov/mers-outbreaks.html.
World Health Organization MR. Rift Valley Fever. Published online 2023. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rift-valley-fever.
World Health Organization. Disease Outbreak - Listeriosis. Published online 2023. https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/listeriosis/outbreak/28-march-2018-south-africa.
World Health Organization. Dengue and severe dengue. Published online 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue.
World Health Organization. Dengue - Chad. Published online 2023. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON491.
Kementerian Kesehatan. Info DBD minggu ke 33 tahun 2023. Published online 2023. https://p2pm.kemkes.go.id/publikasi/infografis/info-dbd-minggu-ke-33-tahun-2023.
Riwu AG, Nugraha J, Purwanto DA, Triyono EA. In silico analysis of anti-dengue activity of faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br) stem bark compounds. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res. 2022;10(6):1006-14. doi:10.56499/jppres22.1445_10.6.1006
Triyono EA. The mechanism of the effects of monascus jmba rice on increased platelet count in wistar rats infected with dengue virus serotype 3. Infect Dis Rep. 2020;12(11):8720. doi:10.4081/idr.2020.8720
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. The Global HIV and AIDS Epidemic. Published online 2023. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/global-statistics.
Kementerian Kesehatan. Laporan Kinerja 2022. Published online 2023. https://p2pm.kemkes.go.id/storage/informasi-publik/content/GHwE3BiLbOrvZZPKY1Pm91BIRWqzE4-metaTGFwa2luIFAyUE0gMjAyMi5wZGY=-.pdf
Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur. Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur 2022. Published online 2023. https://dinkes.jatimprov.go.id/userfile/dokumen/PROFIL%20KESEHATAN%20JATIM%202022.pdf.
Tan F, Triyono EA, Wahyunitisari MR. Microbial patterns of hospitalized HIV positive patients admitted in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. J Vocat Health Stud. 2021;5(1):1. doi:10.20473/jvhs.V5.I1.2021.1-11
Rudyono J, Basuki M, Triyono EA. Diagnostic test of brief peripheral neuropathy screen as distal sensory polyneuropathy-HIV diagnostic tool. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. Published online April 25, 2020. doi:10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.3169
Triyono EA, Firdausa S, Prasetyo H, et al. The effects of propolis extract administration on hiv patients receiving ARV. Indones Biomed J. 2021;13(1):75-83. doi:10.18585/inabj.v13i1.1381
World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2023. Published online 2023. https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023.
Kementerian Kesehatan. Program penanggulangan tuberkulosis. Published online 2023. https://tbindonesia.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Laporan-Tahunan-Program-TBC-2022.pdf.
Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Koordinator Bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2022 Tentang Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Zoonosis dan Penyakit Infeksius Baru. Published online 2023.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One Health. Published online 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/index.html.
Kementerian Kesehatan. Laporan Kinerja Sekretariat Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Tahun 2022. Published online 2023. http://p2p.kemkes.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/LAKIP-Setditjen-P2P-Tahun-2022.pdf.
Kementerian Kesehatan. Pedoman kesiapsiagaan menghadapi penyakit virus ebola. Published online 2015.
International Civil Aviation Organization. Rules of the Air Annex 9. Published online 2005. www.ifrc.org
Kementerian Kesehatan. Pedoman sistem kewaspadaan dini dan respon. Published online 2012.
Kementerian Kesehatan. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No 17 Tahun 2023 Tentang Kesehatan. Published online 2023.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a